A Beginner’s Guide to Fabric Types & Materials: Choosing the Best for Your Sewing Projects

The Fabric of Our Lives: What Are You Really Wearing?

Have you ever stopped to think about what your clothes are made of? The fabric against your skin, the sheets you sleep in, the bags you carry—each is crafted from a material that impacts not only comfort but also health and sustainability. In a world dominated by fast fashion and synthetic textiles, it’s easy to overlook the reality that many of these fabrics are steeped in chemicals, microplastics, and environmental harm. But what if you could make informed choices that benefit both your body and the planet?

Understanding the fundamentals of fabric will empower you to design and sew garments with confidence. This guide will introduce you to the different types of fabrics—both natural and synthetic—helping you make the best decisions for your sewing projects and everyday wear.

1. Understanding Fabric Structure: Woven vs. Knitted

Before diving into fiber types, it's helpful to understand how fabric is made. The two primary structures are:

• Woven Fabrics: Made by weaving threads over and under each other, these fabrics are stable, strong, and hold their shape well. Examples include cotton poplin, denim, and linen.

• Knitted Fabrics: Created by looping yarns together, knit fabrics have a natural stretch and softness, making them ideal for comfortable wear. Examples include jersey, rib knit, and fleece.

2. Natural vs. Synthetic Fabrics: Why It Matters

Not all fabrics are created equal. Some nourish your skin and support sustainability, while others introduce toxins into your home and the environment.

Natural Fibers: The Skin-Friendly, Sustainable Choice

• Organic Cotton (GOTS & OEKO-TEX 100 Certified): Free from harmful pesticides and dyes, organic cotton is breathable, durable, and biodegradable. It’s the best choice for clothing, bedding, and baby items.
• Linen: Made from flax plants, linen is naturally antibacterial, moisture-wicking, and perfect for warm climates.
• Wool: A natural insulator, wool provides warmth while remaining breathable and biodegradable.
• Silk: Luxurious and soft, silk is a protein fiber with hypoallergenic properties.

Synthetic Fabrics: The Hidden Dangers

Many mainstream fabrics are petroleum-based, shedding microplastics into the environment and exposing wearers to toxins.

• Polyester: A form of plastic that traps heat and sheds microplastics when washed.
• Rayon (Viscose): Often marketed as “eco-friendly,” rayon is often made using toxic chemicals that harm both workers and the planet.
• Nylon: Durable but non-biodegradable, nylon production releases nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas.

The bottom line? Choosing natural, organic, and OEKO-TEX certified fabrics reduces exposure to harmful chemicals and promotes environmental sustainability.

3. Common Fabric Types & Their Uses

Best Natural Fabrics for Sewing:

• Cotton Poplin & Lawn: Light and crisp—perfect for dresses, blouses, and quilts.
• Linen: Beautiful for breathable summer garments, home goods, and accessories.
• Jersey Knit: Soft and stretchy, making it ideal for t-shirts, baby clothes, and pajamas.
• Canvas: A sturdy fabric, excellent for bags, aprons, and upholstery.
• Fleece & Wool: Warm and cozy, great for outerwear and blankets.

Avoid These Synthetic Fabrics:

• Polyester Blends: Found in fast fashion; these fabrics pill easily and don’t biodegrade.
• Acrylic & Fleece Blends: Contain plastic fibers that contribute to microplastic pollution.
• Artificial Silks (Polyester “Satin” & Synthetic Chiffon): Often marketed as silk alternatives but laden with chemicals.

4. Choosing the Right Fabric for Your Project

When selecting fabric, consider:

• Breathability: Will it allow airflow and feel comfortable against the skin?
• Drape: Does it hang softly or hold its shape?
• Durability: Will it last through washing and wear?
• Sustainability: Is it organically grown or treated without harmful chemicals?

5. Making the Switch: Where to Find Quality Fabrics

If you’re looking to transition away from synthetic materials, consider shopping from small fabric shops, like Organic Fabric Company, that specialize in organic and OEKO-TEX certified textiles. These fabrics are better for your health, the planet, and your sewing projects.

Your fabric choices matter. Every thread tells a story—one of sustainability, craftsmanship, or environmental impact. By choosing organic cottons, natural fibers, and OEKO-TEX certified textiles, you can create garments and home goods that are not only beautiful but also responsible.

Start small. Replace synthetic fabrics with organic ones in your next sewing project. Your skin, your home, and the environment will thank you.